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PlaceID State  Idaho  Benchmark City[a] Boise  Prior Tallest Building purpose 2013 Prior Tallest Building PurposeOffice  State Population1964726 Height per State population16.4399514232519 Floors per State population4.98797287764299 Median Expected Height (ft) without geological survey238.31150552986 Median Expected Floors without geological survey72.491842301433 Shortfall Height (ft) without geological survey-84.6884944701395 SHortfall Floors without geological survey-25.508157698567 Tower Rigatus DescriptorEmsian Tower Profee.me Priority is Profits and Expected Height adjusted for geology WITH OCTOVILLAGESOrder of Greeley Whitford Tower and Fort Boise Memorial Atlantis American Church and Oppidum Target rival City with the worst trafficBoise Typical hours spent in traffic, 20227 Avg. commute time (minutes)19 Commuters who drive or carpool (%)91.4

America Invented the skyscraper and by 1950 it was 15 of 20 tallest buildings and last year only 3 of 20 tallest buildings and we struck back with a horseburg octovillage stragegy BHSRC ROME with HKC WHITE GEUSWEALTH HOSPITAL AUTHORITY 

Nummulites were marine foraminiferans

that thrived in shallow marine environments of the Tethys Ocean during the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago), particularly abundant in North Africa and the Middle East. Idaho's Eocene geology reflects continental tectonics, volcanism, and lacustrine deposition—paleoenvironments fundamentally incompatible with nummulite ecology.

Are there any Eocene marine limestone deposits located in Idaho?

Formation/DepositAge & SettingFossils PresentEnvironmentSalmon City FormationPaleogeneNot specified in sourcesContinental/mixedClarkia FormationNeogene (15 Ma)

Exceptional leaf fossils

Lacustrine — freshwaterHagerman Fossil BedsMiocene–Pliocene

200+ animal species

including horsesLacustrine — freshwaterChallis VolcanicsPaleogene (Eocene)Intrusive pink granite, volcanic rocksMagmatic — no marine settingMinnetonka Cave LimestonePaleozoic/Cenozoic

Ancient coral species

Cave — freshwater

🏔️ Idaho's Eocene Geology & Paleontology

Idaho's Eocene-age rocks are dominated by the Challis Volcanics Formation, which represents igneous activity and intrusion rather than marine carbonate deposition.

The state's fossiliferous stratigraphic units

include the Salmon City Formation of Paleogene age, but documented fossils from Idaho's Eocene sequences do not include nummulites.

• Challis Volcanics — Extensive Eocene volcanic and intrusive activity across central Idaho, creating granitic plutons and rhyolitic eruptions incompatible with shallow marine conditions

• Continental sedimentation — Idaho's Eocene to Neogene record reflects lacustrine and fluvial deposition in Basin and Range settings, not Tethyan marine platforms

• Salmon City Formation —

  Listed in Idaho's fossiliferous stratigraphic units

  as Paleogene age, but specific fossil assemblages are not detailed in available literature

🌍 Why Nummulites Are Restricted to Tethyan Deposits

Nummulites were abundant, easily recognized marine foraminiferans that are distinctive when present. Their complete absence from Idaho deposits reflects fundamental paleoenvironmental differences between the Tethys Ocean basin and North American continental settings.

• Geographic distribution —

  Nummulite limestone occurs in the Sahara

  and circum-Mediterranean regions;

  foraminiferans dated from the Eocene Epoch occur in the United Arab Emirates

• Ecology requirement — Lens-shaped marine organisms requiring shallow shelf and platform environments with open marine connectivity; Idaho's isolated Eocene basins lack these conditions

• Index fossil utility — Because nummulites are abundant and distinctive when present, their absence from Idaho formations is geologically significant and confirms continental rather than marine Eocene deposition

📚 Idaho's Actual Eocene & Paleogene Fossil Heritage

Idaho's documented Eocene fossils reflect continental paleoenvironments distinct from nummulitic marine limestone. The Clarkia and Hagerman fossil sites represent Neogene freshwater ecosystems, predating or postdating the Eocene Epoch.

• Clarkia Fossil Beds —

  Located near Clarkia in Northern Idaho

  with

  exceptional leaf fossils dating back 15 million years

  , representing lacustrine deposition

• Hagerman Fossil Beds —

  Over 200 different animal species identified

  , including the famous Hagerman Horse, reflecting Miocene–Pliocene freshwater lake environments

• Tolo Lake Mammoths —

  Complete wooly mammoth skeletons recovered

  from deposits far younger than the Eocene Epoch, representing Quaternary megafauna